Zambia’s Hichilema Targets Economic Expansion After Debt Recovery

Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema is seeking to build on his government’s debt restructuring efforts by expanding the economy, creating jobs and increasing opportunities for households during his second term.

Hichilema, 64, won a second term on Tuesday with about 60% of the vote, defeating his main challenger, Brian Mundubile.

Since taking office in 2021, Hichilema has overseen a major restructuring of Zambia’s debt and improved relations with international lenders. His supporters credit him with helping restore economic stability, while critics argue that poverty, hunger and high living costs remain major challenges.

From Barefoot Schoolboy To Businessman

Born in Monze District in southern Zambia, Hichilema has often described himself as a self-made businessman who once walked barefoot to school before receiving a government bursary to study at the University of Zambia.

He later studied business administration at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom.

Known popularly as “HH”, Hichilema built his wealth through financial consulting, property and cattle ranching before entering politics.

His political profile grew significantly in 2017 when he spent four months in prison on treason charges after his convoy allegedly failed to give way to then-President Edgar Lungu’s motorcade. The charges were eventually dropped.

Hichilema used the experience to strengthen his image among supporters as a politician who had been persecuted by the government of his predecessor.

Economic Recovery

Hichilema assumed office in 2021 after Zambia defaulted on its debt the previous year and faced one of its most severe economic crises since independence.

His administration secured major debt restructuring agreements with international creditors, rebuilt relationships with global lenders and attracted investment into the copper sector, a key pillar of Zambia’s economy.

Despite expectations of austerity, the government also increased social spending.

It introduced free secondary education, which reportedly brought about 2.3 million children back into classrooms, while expanding social cash transfers and funding for community development projects.

“He has shown that he is sensitive to social needs and to the lives of ordinary voters,” said O’Brien Kaaba, a lecturer at the University of Zambia.

However, many Zambians continue to struggle with rising living costs and food prices.

Concerns Over Democratic Space

Hichilema has also faced criticism over his approach to political opposition and dissent.

Analysts say his corporate-style management approach has resulted in greater decision-making being concentrated around the presidency.

Political scientist and independent consultant Neo Simutanyi said Hichilema can be difficult to advise and does not always readily accept criticism.

Opposition groups have accused his administration of restricting their ability to campaign and limiting political dissent. Civil society organisations, rights groups and church leaders have also raised concerns.

In 2024, Catholic bishops accused the government of using law enforcement to suppress political opponents.

A UN special rapporteur subsequently warned of growing concerns that Zambia’s criminal justice system was being used to silence legitimate expression and called for legal reforms.

A cyber law passed later was also criticised by rights groups, who argued that its broad provisions could allow authorities to intercept electronic communications.

Hichilema has rejected claims that his administration is restricting democratic freedoms, arguing that prosecuting people who break the law does not amount to suppressing democracy.

With a second term secured, the president now faces the challenge of turning Zambia’s economic recovery into higher household incomes, more jobs and broader opportunities for ordinary citizens.